Ukuntywila nzulu ekusebenzeni kukaStanley Kubrick wobugcisa 'Spartacus'

Njengenye yeefilimu ezidumileyo ngalo lonke ixesha, uSpartacus kaStanley Kubrick ngumsebenzi wobugcisa wokwenyani. Ukuntywila nzulu ekusebenzeni kwefilim kutyhila ukuba ingqwalasela engakanani na ekuye kwenziwa kwayo. Ukususela kwiiseti kunye neempahla ukuya kwi-acting kunye ne-cinematography, yonke inkalo yemveliso yayicwangciswe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye yaphunyezwa. Isiphumo yifilimu ebalaseleyo kwaye esondeleleneyo, i-epic yembali etshayelayo ekwabalisa ibali lomntu. I-Spartacus yifilimu enayo yonke into ngokwenene, kwaye ukuthandwa kwayo ngonaphakade kubungqina bengqondo kaKubrick.

I-Spartacus inokuba yifilimu eyenza uStanley Kubrick umsebenzi wakhe ukuba yintoni. Umlawuli oqaqambileyo wayesele ephumelele inqanaba lempumelelo eHollywood, ngakumbi ngedrama yakhe ka-1950, Iindlela zozuko , kodwa yayiluqingqo-mali olukhulu luka-1960, Spartacus , eyamnika ukuqaphela, kunye nenkululeko yokulandela iiprojekthi ezincinci ezilandelwayo, kuquka Lolita (1962), UGqirha Strangelove (1964), kunye 2001: I-Space Odyssey (1968).

Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali yesisa kunye nenkxaso yesitudiyo, yayingeyonto ilula ukwenza uKubrick. Spartacus kwakucingelwa ukuba yayiliphupha elibi longquzulwano, ukulawulwa, ukungalungelelani, kunye nokungqubana kwemibono yobugcisa, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya esiphelweni, ubunzima kubadlali nabasebenzi, kunye neprojekthi ekuye kwabuzwa ngokusinda kwayo ngaphezu kwexesha elinye. Umdlali weqonga uTony Curtis waxelwa ukuba uvele kwiseti ngenye imini, ehlasela abanye abadlali, ngubani omele ujike ukuze uphume kule filimu?

Ukuqala, uKubrick wayengajoliswanga njengomlawuli wefilimu. Spartacus waqala ukufota phantsi kolawulo luka-Anthony Mann, umlawuli waseHollywood owaziwayo kunye nozinzile kwiintlobo ezininzi. Ukulandela ingxabano engaqondakaliyo kunye nenkanyezi yefilimu kunye nomvelisi ophetheyo, uKirk Douglas, uMann watshintshwa ngokukhawuleza nguStanley Kubrick ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe okungaphezulu kwemizuzu embalwa. U-Kubrick wathatha imveliso ngezinga lokuzithemba okwabangela ukungazinzi kwisethi, njengoko kwenza ukunyanzeliswa kwakhe ekuguquleni ifilimu ukuze ihambelane nombono wakhe. Wathi akungoneliseki yindlela yomzobi wemiboniso bhanya-bhanya, uKubrick, owayesakuba ngumfoti oyincutshe, wawuthathela ngokwakhe lo msebenzi, eshiya eso sikhundla sinobuchwephesha obuneminyaka engama-25 uRussell Metty, owayengakwazi ukwenza nto. Xa u-Spartacus ekugqibeleni waphumelela i-Oscar ye-cinematography, u-Metty, njengomdlali wemiboniso bhanya-bhanya ovunyiweyo, washiywa kwindawo ehlazisayo yokuba amkele ibhaso awayengenzanga nto ukuba alifumane. Izigqibo ezinjalo zezandla eziphezulu, ezidibaniswe ne-Kubrick's demanding and perfectionist styledirectionist style, yenzelwa amava angonwabiyo kwisethi. Ukuhlambalaza kukaKubrick kwiskripthi akuzange kuncede: akazange afihle loo nto yokuba wafumana iinxalenye zayo zingenangqondo kunye neengoma. Nditsho neyona filimu idumileyo nethandwayo, apho amakhoboka avukelayo ekhusela inkokeli yawo ngokuvuma kwangaxeshanye, ndinguSpartacus! kwakucingwa nguKubrick njengenkunkuma yeemvakalelo. Umgangatho ogqibeleleyo wefilimu awunatyala nto kumlawuli wentlonipho yezinto eziluhlaza.

Iingxaki azizange ziphelele ekwenziweni kwefilimu. Spartacus lwenziwa ngexesha le-Hollywood blacklisting xa abarhanelwa bamaKomanisi abarhanelwayo bathintelwa ukuba basebenze kushishino lwefilimu ngamandla abanzi eKomiti yeMisebenzi yeNdlu ye-Un-American (HUAC). UHoward Fast, umbhali wenoveli ka-1951 apho ifilimu yayisekelwe khona, wayevalelwe entolongweni kwaye wafakwa kuluhlu lwabamnyama. Akukho mpapashi unokuchukumisa inoveli yakhe, kwaye uzipapashe ngokukhawuleza kwaye wathengisa iikopi zayo Spartacus eyedwa, impumelelo yencwadi ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo ngabaxhasi bakaFast kunye namaKomanisi angoogxa bakhe. Unxulumano noFast lwalusele luyingxaki; kodwa ifilimu iphinde yakhetha umgcini wesikrini waseHollywood uDalton Trumbo ukuba alungelelanise, inyani abavelisi bayigcina imfihlo ngononophelo de kube emva kokugqitywa kwefilimu, befihla isazisi sikaTrumbo emva kwegama losiba. Unxulumano nababhali abafakwe kuluhlu olumnyama lunokubangela ukuba iUniversal Studios irhoxise inkxaso yayo kwaye iyiphelise ngokupheleleyo iprojekthi. UTrumbo ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukufumana ikhredithi - ngaphandle kwegama-ligama leskripthi.

Spartacus inomdla ngaphezu kwemvelaphi yayo entsonkothileyo. Ngokukhululekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiziganeko zembali, ifilimu ibalisa ibali lokuvukela kwamakhoboka aseRoma, ngokukodwa kwimbono yenkokeli yayo, kwaye ibonwa kwimbono yehlabathi yangoku. Ilandela ikhoboka elivukelayo uSpartacus (uKirk Douglas), owayesenza umsebenzi wezandla kuphela ukususela ebuntwaneni; ubomi bakhe buyatshintsha xa ethengiwe aze aqeqeshelwe ukulwa. U-Spartacus ngokuthe ngcembe uyeza ukuba angagcini nje ukuthiya ubukhoboka bakhe kodwa adelele iziko lobukhoboka, kwaye alibone njengetyala ngokuchasene nesidima somntu. Ithuba lokusaba likhokelela kwimvukelo enkulu yamakhoboka, eyayisongela amandla amakhulu aseRoma.

Eli yelenqe liyatshintshana phakathi kobomi bukaSpartacus kunye nabalandeli bakhe, njengoko bephepha abasemagunyeni kwaye beceba inkululeko yabo yokugqibela, kunye nezenzo zeNdlu yeeNgwevu zaseRoma kunye neenkokheli zomkhosi zizama ukubanqanda, kunye nezicwangciso zabo ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko kunye nokulwela amandla. Kucacile ngokwaneleyo ngoku, kwaye bekuya kuba njalo kubaphulaphuli be-1960, ukuba iyelenqe liqulethe iimbekiselo ezingathanga ngqo kwiingxabano zezopolitiko nezentlalo zangoku. Nangona, njengoko uPeter Ustinov waphawulayo, ibali liboleka kuzo zonke iintlobo zokutolika kukaMarxist, umgcini wesikrini uDalton Trumbo ngekhe abhale ngabom iskripthi njenge-manifesto yezopolitiko, ngokutsho komvelisi u-Edward Lewis owayesebenze noTrumbo amaxesha amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, inoveli yantlandlolo yayinempembelelo yezopolitiko eqhubela phambili kuhlengahlengiso lwefilimu, isuka kumfundisi-ntsapho ongumRoma owayehlekisa kwikholeji yabenzi beesoseji, isalathiso esisigqubuthelo semisebenzi yee-1950 echasene nomanyano, kwiyelenqe eligxekayo lendlu yeengwevu yaseRoma, eyathi. bazame ukusebenzisa imvukelo yamakhoboka ukuze kungenelwe bona kwezobupolitika. Isikripthi sikaTrumbo sasiquka umgca omnye owawuqondwa ngokubanzi ukuba ubize abantu abamnyama: i-senator ithi isongela ukuba uluhlu lokungathembeki luqulunqwe. Iimbekiselo zezopolitiko zahlala ikakhulu phakathi kwemigca, zivumela Spartacus ukuze idume ngokulinganayo kwabo bavumelanayo nesigidimi sayo, nabo banandipha nje umfanekiso bhanyabhanya olungileyo, nowomileyo waseHollywood.

Kwinqanaba elinye, ifilimu yidrama yembali eqhelekileyo, efana neepics zaseHollywood ezimangalisayo zelo xesha njenge. Ben Njani kwaye Uya phi na? . Incomeka kakhulu—ide igqithisele ngokuphandle—kwisinxibo sawo nakwisinxibo sawo, esilwela ukubonakala kokuchaneka ngokwembali, kunye nenyaniso emdaka kwimifanekiso ebonisa ubomi bamakhoboka. Nangona kunjalo, ifilimu ithathwa ngaphaya kwenqanaba le-Hollywood blockbuster ngezinto ezimbini: umxholo ongaqhelekanga-ukuvukela kwamakhoboka aseRoma, kunye nomxholo ojikelezayo wamalungelo oluntu kunye nesithunzi somntu-kunye nesitampu esahlukileyo sefilimu kaStanley Kubrick. Kudliwano-ndlebe, uKubrick wachaza ukuba wayefuna ukuphepha indlela eqhelekileyo yokufota i-epic, kunye nokuqondisa Spartacus njengokungathi nguMarty, ukuphepha nantoni na eqikelelwayo kwaye ugxininise kwiinkcukacha ezinzulu zabalinganiswa, ukuzisa ekhaya ukuthotywa kunye nosizi lwamakhoboka ngokukodwa.

Imiboniso enokuthi ibe yeyothusayo inikwa ubunzulu okanye amagqabantshintshi athuleyo ngokhetho lukaKubrick lokuyila lokufota. Ngokomzekelo, xa abathetheli-khulu ababini belwa de bafe ngenjongo yokonwabisa ababukeli abazukileyo, ikhamera ibukela idabi labo iphezulu, apho izinhanha zincokola ngokuzolileyo kwizihlalo eziphakamileyo, bengenamdla kumzabalazo onxunguphalisayo oqhubeka ngaphantsi kwazo. Le ndlela iphumelela ngakumbi xa umlo ofanayo ubonwa ngokucacileyo, ujongwa kwiintanda ezikwindawo ebiyelweyo eyenziwe ngamaplanga apho amajoni amabini alandelayo alinda ngamandla ithuba lawo lokulwa de afe. Njengazo zonke iifilimu zikaKubrick, umsebenzi wekhamera awuboneleli kuphela umfanekiso ohlukileyo, kodwa uhlalutye oluthe cwaka. Umsebenzi kaKubrick uphakamisa Spartacus ukusuka kumboniso omnandi ukuya kwinto ebangela umdla ngakumbi.

I-cast yinxalenye ephawulekayo yemveliso, equkethe iqela le-eclectic labadlali abazinzileyo. UKirk Douglas (uSpartacus) wayengumdlali weHollywood oqhelekileyo. ULaurence Olivier udlala isityebi kunye nempembelelo yaseRoma jikelele kunye nezopolitiko, uMarcus Crassus; UCharles Laughton, iSenator yaseTiberius Gracchus; kunye noPeter Ustinov nguQuintus Batiatus, oqeqesha (kwaye athengise) amakhoboka njengama-gladiators. Iqonga elinomtsalane lijikelezwe ziinkwenkwezi ezidumileyo kwiindima zesibini, kubandakanya uJean Simmons njengekhoboka kunye nesithandwa sikaSpartacus, kunye noJohn Gavin (Psycho, Ukuxelisa uBomi) njengoJulius Caesar oselula. Umthamo omkhulu wetalente evela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zovakaliso-zwi kunye nolwimi lwezizwana kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokudlala, ngamanye amaxesha zilinganisa ifilimu, kwaye amahemuhemu avela ngelo xesha acebisa ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezibalaseleyo zinokuxabana kwaye kube nzima ukuzilawula.

UPeter Ustinov wakha wakhumbula malunga nokhuphiswano oluncinci phakathi kwamalungu athile, ephawula umboniso omnye (ekubonakala ukuba ushiywe kwinqumlo yokugqibela) phakathi kwakhe no-Olivier, apho imigca emibini emifutshane yengxoxo ('Spartacus? Umbonile?' 'Ewe. ') zakhutshelwa kumboniso omde ofanayo wokunqumama okude, izijekulo, ukucaphuka, kunye nezinye iithiyetha ezinobugocigoci, njengoko abadlali babini bedlala omnye komnye. Imiboniso emininzi inophawu lolo mgangatho, nangona ilawulwa ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingaphazamisi ifilimu ngokwayo. Abalinganiswa babhalwe ngendlela yendalo ebenza babe ngabantu bokwenyani nabanokuchongwa kunokuba babe ngabantu bembali yesitokhwe, kwaye abalinganiswa babenza baphile ubomi obumangalisayo-mhlawumbi uPeter Ustinov ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokubonakaliswa kwakhe okuhlekisayo kokuziphatha, ukuzinceda, iBatiatus enomlaza. U-Kirk Douglas ukhumbule ukuba u-Ustinov wayevunyelwe ukuba ad-lib incoko yakhe eninzi, mhlawumbi isigqibo esilumkileyo kwicala lomlawuli.

Yakuba igqityiwe, lo mboniso bhanya-bhanya ujongene nokuhlolwa kweziganeko zedabi ezinobundlobongela, ubunqunu, imiboniso yesondo ecacileyo, ukubulawa okumasikizi, kunye noko kwabonwa njengempatho ethob' isidima ngokugqithisileyo yamakhoboka aseRoma. Uthethathethwano kunye nokulungelelana kubangele ukunqunyulwa okuphindaphindiweyo, kunye nokunciphisa okuncinci ngakumbi ukulungiselela izithintelo zasekhaya xa ifilimu yakhululwa kumazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iinguqulelo ezintlanu zefilimu, ukusuka kwixesha elisebenzayo ukusuka kwimizuzu eyi-161 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-202. Ukukhutshwa kweCriterion ka-1991 kwiDVD, kwimizuzu eyi-196 ubude, yeyona ikufutshane kwinguqulelo epheleleyo ekhoyo ngoku, kulandela ulwakhiwo olunzima lwenguqulelo yesitudiyo sokuqala, ukwenza ifilimu, njengoko kwakujongwe ngaphambili ngumlawuli, ifumaneke kubo bonke.

(Yonke imifanekiso nge Cinephilia Ngaphandle kunye ne-ASCC)